Chinese autocracy promotion towards Myanmar and Thailand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35305/rr.vi5.78Palabras clave:
China, Myanmar, Thailand, Autocracy promotion, Hybrid regimesResumen
In its autocracy promotion towards Myanmar’s and Thailand’s military regimes, China especially applied incentives but also blackmailing practices. However, China also supported hybrid regimes. Then, China always selected soft and not hard power; military pressure has been indirect. There were strong emulative processes of both Myanmar and Thailand. Chinese pragmatism promoted both options since, if China opposed hybrid regimes, this could cause the defeat of the military and the possible victory of pro-Western and anti-Chinese political actors. In order to avoid this result, Beijing governments adopted a more flexible autocracy promotion, reflecting a real-politik approach to foreign policy, which allowed to preserve Chinese diplomatic interests.
Descargas
Métricas
Citas
Airaksinen, T. (1988). An analysis of coercion. Journal of Peace Research, 25(3), 213-27.
Alieva, L. (2019). How realpolitik and the predictability of the West’s weaknesses helps autocrats legitimize their foreign policy. The Foreign Policy Centre. Retrieved from: https://fpc.org.uk/how-realpolitik-and-the-predictability-of-the-wests-weaknesses-helps-autocrats-legitimise-their-foreign-policies/. Last access: 15/09/2021.
Amnesty International (2022). Open Letter to Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Retrieved from: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/96000/asa390152004en.pdf. Last access: 06/03/2022.
ASEAN Statistical Yearbook (2019). Jakarta: Asean Secretariat.
BBC (2022). Thailand’s reds and yellows. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13294268. Last access: 06/03/2022.
Blaževič, I. (2016). The challenges ahead. Journal of Democracy, 27(2), 101-15.
Carminati, D. (2020, 3 July). The state of China’s soft power. E-International Relations. CGTN (China Global Television Network) America, 18/01/2020.
CIA World Factbook (2006). “Thailand”. Bangkok: CIA. Election Commission of Thailand (2019, 28 May). “Results”.
Enciclopedia Treccani (2022). Myanmar. Retrieved from: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/myanmar/. Last access: 31/01/2022.
Fossati, F. (2006). Introduzione alla politica mondiale. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Fossati, F. (2020). Populism as the post-Marxist adaptation of leftist Manicheanism. Revista Euro Latinoamericana de Análisis Social y Político, 1(1), 87-104.
Huntington, S. P. (1991). Democracy’s third wave. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 12-34.
IMF (2015). Direction of Trade Statistics. Washington: IMF.
The Irrawaddy (2021). China denies helping Myanmar military regime build Internet firewall. Retrieved from: https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/china-denies-helping-myanmar-military-regime-build-internet-firewall.html. Last access: 25/08/2021.
Lee, Y. N. (2021). China’s ‘laissez-faire’ approach toward Myanmar’s coup puts its own interests at risk, says analyst. CNBC. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/05/myanmar-coup-chinas-non-interference-could-hurt-china-says-analyst.html. Last access: 25/08/2021.
Mahtani, S. & Diamond, C. (2020). When Xi met Suu Kyi: China embraces Myanmar as Western nations pull back. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/when-xi-met-suu-kyi-china-embraces-myanmar-as-western-nations-pull-back/2020/01/17/04dfc4b6-373c-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html. Last access: 11/09/2021.
Mezzera, M. (2021). The neighbour’s dilemma: unpacking China-Myanmar ambiguous relationship. Italian Institute for International Political Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/neighbours-dilemma-unpacking-china-myanmar-ambiguous-relationship-29814. Last access: 05/09/2021.
Morlino, L. (2008). Regimi ibridi o regimi in transizione. Rivista italiana di scienza politica, 38(2), 169-90.
Myoe, M. A. (2016). The logic of Myanmar’s China policy. Asia Journal of Comparative Politics, 1(3), 283-98.
Nye, J. (2021). Soft power: the evolution of a concept. Journal of Political Power, 14(1), 1-13.
O’Connor, J. (2020). MPs warned of an economic colony as opposition zeroed in on Thailand’s impaired relationship with China. Thai Examiner - Thailand's news for foreigners. Retrieved from: https://www.thaiexaminer.com/thai-news-foreigners/2020/02/28/thailand-relationship-china-thai-government-opposition-critiscism/. Last access: 25/08/2021.
OECD (2020). Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries. Paris: OECD.
Pongsudhirak, T. (2008). Thailand since the coup. Journal of Democracy, 19(4), 140-53.
Reuters (2021). Lobbyist says Myanmar junta wants to improve relations with the West, spurn China. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-lobbyist/lobbyist-says-myanmar-junta-wants-to-improve-relations-with-the-west-spurn-china-idUSKBN2AY0K0. Last access: 25/08/2021.
Sawasdee, S. N. (2020). Electoral integrity and the repercussions of institutional manipulations: The 2019 general elections in Thailand. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 5(1), 52-68.
Thai Parliamentary Chamber (2022). Elections held in 2001. Retrieved from: http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2311_01.htm. Last access: 06/03/2022.
Tower J. & Clapp, P. A. (2021). Myanmar: China, the coup and the future. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from: https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/06/myanmar-china-coup-and-future. Last access: 06/09/2021.
UNEP (2022). Learning from Cyclone Nargis. Investing in the environment for livelihoods and disaster risk reduction. Kenya: UNEP. Retrieved from: https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/nargis_case_study.pdf. Last access: 20/02/2022.
Way, L. (2016). Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), 64-75.
Wong, M. Y. H. (2018). Chinese influence, U.S. linkages, or neither? Comparing regime changes in Myanmar and Thailand. Democratization, 26(3), 359-81.
Zawacki, B. (2021). Of questionable connectivity: China’s BRI and Thai civil society. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/blog/podcast-selina-ho-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-southeast-asia. Last access: 15/09/2021.
Zin, M. & Joseph, B. (2012). The democrats’ opportunity. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 104-119.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.